• Single Crystal Sapphire
• Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction
• Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction
• Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction
• Single Crystal Xrd

From the classroom to the laboratory to the synchrotron: SingleCrystal is the easiest way to visualize and understand diffraction properties of crystals. SingleCrystal 4 lets you simulate multi-phase X-ray, neutron and electron diffraction patterns, display reciprocal lattice sections and construct stereographic projections of planes or vectors. By combining a simulated pattern with an observed diffraction image, you can auto-index the pattern and determine the orientation of your crystal.

• All-new, 64-bit multi-core application.
• Compatible with macOS 'Big Sur' and 'Catalina'.
• Universal Binary: runs natively on Apple Silicon & Intel.
• Multi-pattern simulations.
• Powder diffraction rings.
• Kikuchi Lines.
• Real-time parameter control.
• Live Intensity Mode (with CrystalMaker 10.5).
• Create new simulations from scratch.
• Live Profile tool: display diffraction 'cross-sections'.
• Scale bar (fully customizable, with Inspector).
• Customizable stereogram, with Inspector.
• Multiple 'Undo' and 'Redo' levels per window.
• Integrated crystal structures library, with search
• Colorize observed diffraction data.
• Searchable Reflexions List, integrated into document.
• Improved Grid: easier to position and control.
• Touch Bar interface (MacBook Pro).
• Haptic feedback (Mac): feel your reflexions!
• Dark Mode (Mac).
• Spaces and Full-Screen Mode (Mac).
• Full Preferences control, via a dedicated panel.
• File thumbnails and previews (Mac & Win)

Simulate Diffraction from a Single-Crystal

SingleCrystal provides real-time, interactive simulation of key single-crystal diffraction techniques in gorgeous high-DPI graphics. Diffraction geometries include Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - with optional Kikuchi Lines - plus Precession, Laue (Front-Plate, Rear-Plate or Cylindrical geometries), in addition to standard or weighted Reciprocal Lattice Sections (at user-specified heights). Powder Rings can also be displayed, where appropriate.

Simulating Kikuchi lines for a cubic crystal, with a stereographic projection of symmetry-related planes on the right.

Single crystal PMN-PT possesses exceptional properties and is poised to revolutionize applications from medical ultrasound to adaptive optics and energy harvesting.TRS crystals exhibit 5x the strain energy density and significantly higher electromechanical coupling than conventional piezoceramics. The electrical double layer (EDL) is the extremely important interfacial region involved in many electrochemical reactions, and it is the subject of significant study in electrochemistry and surface science. However, the direct measurement of interfacial electric fields in the EDL is challenging. In this work, both electrochemical resonant Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations were. Single crystals can exhibit much higher performance than piezoceramic materials including an order of magnitude higher strain levels. The properties of these crystals are shown in the following table. These components are grown in a raw crystal form and then machined to exacting tolerances. They are typically metallized with sputtered chrome/gold. Download SingleCrystal for Mac or Windows. The software starts in Demonstration Mode, but you can unlock the full-feature version with a paid-for licence key. In Demo Mode, you can still access the full User's Guide and Online Help from the program's Help menu. You can also use the Examples Files provided to simulate diffraction patterns. Mar 20, 2021 From the classroom to the laboratory to the synchrotron: SingleCrystal is the easiest way to visualize and understand diffraction properties of crystals.

Multi-Phase Diffraction

Multi-phase diffraction is as simple as adding a new crystal or observed diffraction image to your window. Individual patterns can be rotated or moved relative to each other, toggled 'on' or 'off', duplicated (to allow 'before' and 'after' editing comparisons) or copied to other windows. It's a great way of understanding twinning and topotactic relationships.

TEM diffraction simulation for a twinned crystal. Reflexions from the two twin orientations are colour-coded red and blue. Their orientation relationship - mirror reflection about (101) - is summarized in the stereographic projection (here shown minimized) on the right.

Multi-pattern TEM diffraction simulation comparing powder rings and single-crystal reflexions.

Real-Time Parameter Control

A Simulation Inspector provides real-time control over sample and instrumental parameters, including wavelength, camera length, intensity saturation, gamma control, beam convergence, sample thickness (TEM), sample volume, cell parameters and site occupancies. Display attributes including colouring, transparency, labelling, systematic absences, fonts, magnification and positioning - can all be adjusted interactively using the Display Inspector.

Using the Simulation Inspector to simulate a shear transformation in one phase. The corresponding diffraction pattern (red spots) is compared with the undistorted original pattern (black spots).

Real-Time Rotation & Scaling

Diffraction patterns can be rotated and scaled in real time, by clicking-and-dragging with the mouse, using multi-touch gestures on your trackpad or touch-screen, using the scroll-wheel, toolbar tilt controls, Touch Bar rotation dials (Mac), or the keyboard. Precise tilts can be entered in degrees, or you can define a view direction as a plane normal or lattice vector.

Examples of different Touch Bar layouts, available for MacBook Pro. The default layout (top) includes view direction and rotation dial popovers, rotation and zoom buttons and a saturation popover. Expanded popovers are shown for the Rotation Dials (second from top), View Directions (third from top) and Saturation (bottom).

Measure and Explore

Screen tools provide interactive distance and angle measurements for simulated patterns, with haptic feedback (Mac): literally 'feel your reflexions'. An integrated Reflexions List lets you search for, browse and sort simulated reflexions, filtered by visibility and/or type.

SingleCrystal 4 features advanced image processing for observed diffraction images. Image colourization - including impressive gradients - can be applied with custom threshold levels to enhance visibility. Screen overlays - ruler, protractor and grid - provide high-precision measurement of observed diffraction images, including the option of intensity profiles (2D cross sections) using the Ruler overlay.

Profiling the intensity distribution across an observed (and colourized) TEM diffraction image.

Auto-Index Observed Patterns

Simulated patterns can be superimposed above observed patterns, for direct comparison. With the Grid tool, auto-indexing is a breeze: just position the grid points over your observed pattern (TEM or Precession photos) and let SingleCrystal calculate the best-fit orientation and index your diffraction spots.

Auto-indexing an observed TEM diffraction pattern using the Grid overlay. (The observed image was colourized in SingleCrystal to help emphasize the diffraction spots and make them easier to measure.)

Stereographic Projections

To help you navigate through diffraction space, you can take advantage of a live stereographic projection ('stereogram') which can be displayed full size, or in miniature, as an orientation guide. Rebuild of evangelion 2.22 english sub download. The stereogram shows the angular positions of plane normals or lattice vectors (zone axes) plotted as poles and optionally as great- or small-circle traces.

A dedicated Stereogram Inspector lets you add poles (or request that SingleCrystal automatically add poles to a maximum hkl, or add symmetry-related poles). You can group poles by symmetry or N value, colour them - and use the extensive Projection controls to customize display attributes such as stereonet, line widths, pole and font sizes, etc.

• Add arbitrary poles as vectors or plane normals.
• Add symmetry-related directions.
• Automatically add all poles to a maximum index.
• Group poles by symmetry or N-value.
• Colour individually, by group, by symmetry, or by N.
• Toggle labels, traces (great circles) on or off.
• Display small circles around any pole.
• Customize visibility and labelling of South projections.
• Customize line widths, pole sizes and fonts.
• Option of Miller-Bravais (four-index) notation.
• Optional stereonet with rotation dial.
• Pole tips show bearing & elevation.
• Double-click a pole to set view direction.
• Measure angles between any pair of selected poles.
• Display zone and zone axis for any pair of selected poles.
• Click-and-drag stereogram to rotate crystal.
• Maximize stereogram for detailed working.
• 'Mini Stereogram' provides handy orientation guide.
• Export stereograms as pixel or vector images.

SingleCrystal lets you measure poles and their angles interactively.

Crystal Structures Included

SingleCrystal lets you build new diffraction simulations from scratch, within the program - thanks to a self-contained crystal editor (with full symmetry handling). You can also import structures from CIF, CMTX or CrystalMaker documents (CMDX or CMDF) - or send structural data seamlessly from CrystalMaker 10.5 in 'Live Intensity Mode' (below).

SingleCrystal also includes a library of some 1,000 crystal structures (including 500 minerals): indexed, searchable, and ready for instant diffraction simulation. This isn't your typical haphazard database; instead, it's an expertly-curated library, an extended version of CrystalMaker X's gorgeous collections, optimized for SingleCrystal, with space group, density, volume and other crystallographic data displays.

Using the integrated structures library to find structures containing only K, Al, Si and O.

CrystalMaker X Integration

SingleCrystal 4 is designed to work with CrystalMaker 10.5 or later, reading from saved crystal files to simulate diffraction properties. The two programs can be linked, letting you view a crystal structure in one window, and its diffraction pattern in another. With CrystalMaker's 'Live Rotation Mode' enabled, rotating the crystal causes its diffraction pattern to rotate - and vice versa. The new 'Live Intensity Mode' goes even further: allowing you to edit the structure in real-time in CrystalMaker (moving, rotating, changing groups of atoms) and seeing the simulated diffraction pattern update in SingleCrystal.

Live Rotation Mode: rotating a structure in CrystalMaker (left) causes its diffraction pattern to rotate in SingleCrystal (right) - and vice versa.

Live Intensity Mode: editing a structure in CrystalMaker (left) causes its simulated diffraction pattern in SingleCrystal (right) to update.

Data & Graphics Output

SingleCrystal lets you save your work in a self-contained document, ready for instant display next time you use the program. You can also export diffraction data listings and 'Zone Axes' files - useful for indexing observed patterns. Diffraction patterns (including background pictures and measurements) can be printed at high resolution. You can also copy or export graphics and stereographic projections in either pixel- or vector-based formats.

Cross Platform - Done Properly

SingleCrystal is available in two versions, for Windows or for Mac. These are genuine, 100% native Windows and Mac applications, built from scratch for their respective operating systems to give you the best-possible system integration, performance, usability - and elegance of design.

SingleCrystal for Mac runs natively on the new Apple Silicon (ARM-based) Macs and and also runs natively on Intel Macs: we distribute the software as a 'Universal Binary', giving you the maximum performance and flexibility.

Mac and Windows versions share the same binary file format, and similar feature sets, making cross-platform working and collaboration easy.

Why do Mac users love their computers so much? It's partly due to the hardware and software integration: making usability so much easier and more intuitive.

When it comes to independent Mac software, developers can take advantage of Apple's hard work to create elegant, intuitive and efficient applications - or at least, they can if they do it properly..

Fake Software

The problem is that many scientific programs that 'run' on the Mac aren't really Mac programs at all; they are ports of Windows or Linux programs that are emulated on the Mac, using third-party utilities such as Qt, wxWidgets or Java.

These programs use 'lowest-common-denominator' designs ('jack-of-all-trades, master-of-none'): you can get some things done, but nothing is done well. They work against the system, not with it; relying on translators all the way. The result is poor performance and a weird, non-standard (and often diabolical) user interface.

And as for compatibility? Well, you're trusting that both the software developer and the developer of the emulator is going to stay in business (and/or funding) long enough for you to get some useful work done. And the internet is littered with abandoned software projects like these.

This begs the question: why go to all the expense of buying a Mac, only to spend your valuable time working as a second-class citizen?

Single Crystal Sapphire

Think Different

We believe Mac users deserve better, and so we do things properly. We are registered with Apple as Mac developers and use only official developer tools and application programming interfaces (APIs). All our Mac code is developed exclusively in Apple's 'Cocoa' environment, resulting in 100% pure native Mac code.

As a result, our software integrates perfectly with your operating system, delivering the best performance and a joyful user experience.

Delivering on our Promises

Here are a few examples of well-loved Mac features you'll find in the latest SingleCrystal 4:-

• 64-bit 'Cocoa' application: works with 'Catalina'.
• Code-Signed, Sandboxed, Notarized: keeps your Mac safe.
• Bundled app: everything in one place; no installer required.
• Multi-core design: scales with your system.
• Retina Graphics.
• Multi-Touch rotation and zooming.
• Touch Bar interface for MacBook Pro: fully customizable.
• Standard Mac toolbar design: fully customizable.
• Haptic Feedback (feel your reflexions as you measure them).
• Dark Mode.
• Full-Screen Mode and Spaces support.
• Quick Look previews.
• Finder thumbnails.
• Apple Help - with search.

Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction

Beauty is in the Details

You won't see this attention to detail in other programs - certainly not the 'fake' software that clutters the internet - but beauty is in the details, and having us focus on making a really great Mac experience helps you justify your choice of the Mac platform.

So go ahead, give your Mac the software it really deserves: honest, genuine, 100% native. It's the best for the best.

Try it out for yourself: Download SingleCrystal 4 for Mac or Windows today. Plus, learn how our low-cost, flexible site licensing helps empower your research and enthuse your undergraduate students.

Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction

Need X-Ray Powder Diffraction? Whilst SingleCrystal 4 can simulate powder diffraction rings, we recommend CrystalDiffract 6 for conventional x-ray & neutron powder diffraction profiles.

Semiconductor Replacement Parts

We first fabricated silicon components in 1988 when a local semiconductor company requested replacement parts made from silicon. This customer required parts from Single Crystal Si for their silicon-pulling equipment in order to maintain purity.

As a result of our expertise in the semiconductor area, we developed a reputation as a premier manufacturer of Single Crystal Si, especially complex shapes with very close tolerances. In 1993, a Prime Contractor for the US Government contracted us to build a sample Single Crystal Si optical device. The success of that project led to a follow-on program and the expansion of the our business into a new direction.

Microsoft sql server management studio for mac. Offering Single Crystal Si as the choice material for optics and optical substrates, even over traditional materials such as beryllium, aluminum, and zerodur, has become a key focus for us.

The perfect cubic structure of Single Crystal Silicon provides the stability and performance required for use as a substitute for Beryllium. Single Crystal Si is used extensively in High Power Laser Optics and has been selected and qualified as the primary MEMS material. Infrared and Midrange Optics can benefit by using Single Crystal Si given that Single Crystal Si has demonstrated stability in dynamic vibration, cryocyling, temporal change, nuclear exposure, coating adhesion, high temperature and pressure survivability. Furthermore, SCSi provides benefits that include low cost by volume, lack of health hazards, low thermal expansion, low density, and high thermal conductivity. SCSi has excellent hardness and shock resistance. All in all, Single Crystal Si provides components with high performance and stability, even in harsh environments, and it is very affordable.

Why Silicon

There are several reasons why Single Crystal Si is a prime candidate for optical components and structures. Single Crystal Si is highly polishable and safe to handle. Also, because of its high thermal conductivity, heat will pass through without absorbing and causing damage. In fact, Single Crystal Si is a stable optic material throughout a wide range of temperature changes from cryo to near 1100°C because it has a high thermal diffusivity, which is a combination of thermal conductivity, specific heat and density properties. In addition, Single Crystal Si is blurr-free during temperature ranging from 170K to 500 C qualifying it as the only optical material that can be used in endo/exo operational missions.

Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction

Please note, it is important not to confuse Single Crystal Si with other types of silicon products such as polysilicon, amorphous silicon, silicon foam, and silicon slurry applications. Even though silicon products that are not single crystal are highly polishable, they show deficiencies in several thermal/structural properties.

Single Crystal Xrd

A detailed description on Single Crystal Si material properties that are relevant to optics are shown in the tables below.